Major progresses in the study of the cellular and molecular basis of synaptic transmission of nerve cells are highlighted. Each individual contribution gives an overview of the subject, presenting a description of the technical approach and considering future perspectives of the developments in the field. Topics range from historical aspects of the development of biochemical studies on synaptic transmission to the most advanced techniques applicable in morphological and functional studies of the nerve terminal. Studies on synaptic vesicles, the regulation of presynaptic transmitter synthesis, transmitter-release and especially the molecular structure and function of presynaptic ion channels and of transmitter receptors offer a detailed insight into synaptic events.