This book provides an in-depth analysis of Traditional Medical Knowledge (TMK) in China, focusing on its preservation, responsible use, and integration into modern intellectual property (IP) frameworks. It explores the unique challenges of protecting TMK within China’s historical, cultural, and societal contexts, while also considering alternative regulatory mechanisms like Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) regimes and TMK databases. Through case studies such as the commercialization of Qinghao, the book examines the role of TMK in pharmaceutical innovation and critiques the applicability of Western IP systems to Chinese TMK. It also discusses the need for culturally sensitive legal reforms, offering practical insights for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in IP law, traditional medicine, and cultural preservation. This work is enriched with comparative legal analyses and detailed examples, providing a clear understanding of the complexities surrounding TMK in China and its impact on both cultural heritage and innovation.