This book provides a history of efforts to broaden the participation of the three most highly underrepresented racial groups - African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians - in the STEM and computing disciplines. The book discusses the history of higher education and STEM education for each of these three groups - in both majority institutions and Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and Tribal Colleges and Universities. It uses some of the leading social science literature about underrepresentation to explain this persistent history of underrepresentation. It profiles organizations that are attempting to broaden participation of these minority groups from both the STEM disciplines (NSBE, NACME, GEM, SHPE, MAES, SACNAS, AIHEC, AISES) and computing disciplines (BDPA, ADMI, CDC, and CMD-IT). The book does not cover Asian Americans because they are not underrepresented in computing or the STEM disciplines.