This is a comprehensive, authoritative reference source for a broad audience involved in research, teaching, learning, and practice at the intersection of technology and biomedicine. It features single-molecule detection techniques, live-cell assays, and tools to probe the nanometer world, including laser-based and other optical techniques, biosensors, microarray technologies, and nanoprobes and nanosensors. The Encyclopedia also covers multi-modal bioimaging techniques that will revolutionize medical diagnostics and presents a unified, integrated approach to applications areas ranging from in vitro laboratory analysis, in vivo molecular imaging, biomedical diagnostics, and clinical bioassays to bioprocess control, environmental biomonitoring, and biodefense.