This brief explores the development and enhancement of space radiation detection systems through the integration of advanced nanomaterials, specifically focusing on metal oxide nanomaterials such as ZrO2. It covers the synthesis, characterization, and thermoluminescence properties of these nanomaterials, as well as their incorporation into plastic scintillators to improve detection efficiency. The book also discusses the challenges and advancements in creating reliable radiation detection technology for space exploration, highlighting potential applications and future directions in the field. It is a useful resource for scientists and graduate students involved in the fields of space exploration, radiation detection technologies, and nanotechnology.