The word sustainability shares its root with sustenance. In the context of modern society, sustenance is inextricably linked to the use of energy. Fossil energy currently represents nearly 85% of global energy consumption. This Second Edition of “Fossil Energy” provides an authoritative yet concise reference on all aspects of this key resource: mining, producing, refining, and usage. Most of the 15 peer-reviewed articles from the First Edition have been updated and, in some instances, extensively revised. In addition, the volume includes four new chapters covering hydraulic fracturing, process simulation tools used in pollution mitigation, and policy options such as carbon pricing and cap-and-trade for reducing carbon emissions. Written by recognized international authorities in the field, this volume represents an essential resource for scientists and engineers working on the development of energy resources, fossil or alternative, and reflects the essential role of energy supplies in supporting a sustainable future.