The book aims at documenting the experiences from NATO countries and Caucasian and neighbouring post-socialist countries, via inputs by experts who are involved in innovation activity including R&D in science and technology development, especially those active in terms of technology transfer and implementation plus the development of innovation infrastructure. One of main topics of the book will be international co-operation in innovation as a factor of economical development and the role or regulation mechanisms (e.g. patents) as tools to competitiveness. The chapters provided by the NATO experts will be supplemented with chapters by specialists from Caucasus countries for facilitation of the understanding of the current situation in and strengthening the applied significance of the publication.