xiv 4. Final remarks 349 PETER HOHENHAUS: LEXICALIZATI ION AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION TITUTIONALIZATION 353 1. Introduction 353 2. Lexicalization 353 2. 1 LEXICALIZATION IN A DIACHRONIC SENSE 353 2. 2 LEXICALIZATION IN A SYNCHRONIC SENSE: LISTING/LISTEDNESS 356 2. 3 THE LEXICON AND THEORIESOF WORD-FORMATION 357 3. Institutionalization359 3. 1 TERMINOLOGY 359 3. 2 IDEAL AND REAL SPEAKERS AND THE SPEECH COMMUNITY 360 3. 3 DE-INSTITUTIONALIZATION: THE END OF A WORD’S LIFE 362 4. Problems 363 4. 1 NONCE-FORMATIONS AND NEOLOGISMS 363 4. 2 (NON-)LEXICALIZABILITY 365 4. 3 WHAT IS IN THE (MENTAL) LEXICON AND HOW DOES IT GET THERE? 367 4. 4 UNPREDICTABLE & PLAYFUL FORMATIONS, ANALOGY, FADS, AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS 369 4. 5 LEXICALIZATION BEYOND WORDS 370 ROCHELLE LIEBER: ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES 375 1. Introduction 375 2. Compounding 375 2. 1 DETERMINING WHAT COUNTS AS A COMPOUND 376 2. 2 ROOT COMPOUNDING 378 2. 3 SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDING 379 2. 4 STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETATION 379 3. Derivation 383 3. 1 PREFIXATION 390 3. 1. 1 Negative prefixes (un-, in-, non-, de-, dis-) 391 3. 1. 2 Locational prefixes 393 3. 1. 3 Temporal and aspectual prefixes 400 3. 1. 4 Quantitative prefixes 402 CONTENTS xv 3. 1. 5 Verbal prefixes 402 3. 2 SUFFIXATION 403 3. 2. 1 Personal nouns 403 3. 2. 2 Abstract nouns 406 3. 2. 3 Verb-forming suffixes 410 3. 2. 4 Adjective-forming suffixes 413 3. 2. 5 Collectives 417 3. 3 CONCLUSION 418 4. Conversion 418 5.