This book elucidates the Qing history from perspectives of Confucianism as well as modern sciences. It emphasises the Chinese spirits in explicating the socio-economic changes of the dynasty. Historians produce increasingly detailed information about structures and functioning of the Qing system from different perspectives. Nevertheless, there are only a few comprehensive and systematical studies of the Qing history from the Chinese cultural perspective. As many new materials about the Qing dynasty have been accumulated and some new theories about socio-economic evolution have been developed in the last few decades, there is a need for re-examining the rise and fall of China's last dynasty.