The International Journal of Psychology's special issue, Advances of Psychological Science in China, represents a unique perspective on psychology and psychological issues. Psychology in China witnessed dramatic progress during the last several decades after China's Cultural Revolution. Reported in this issue are reviews of research done in China in the fields of developmental psychology, Chinese language and mathematics learning, cognitive neuroscience, biopsychology, and managerial/organizational psychology. As the world's largest developing country, with a unique language and writing system and a fast-developing economy and social system, Chinese psychology is in a unique position to contribute to our understanding of human nature and development. The papers reflect these special characteristics of Chinese society and Chinese psychological research, ranging from long-established areas such as studies of children's mental development and their acquisition of the Chinese language and writing system to rapidly emerging topics such as organizational psychology, biopsychology, and neuroscience. The special issue is published in conjunction with the convening of the 28th International Congress of Psychology, Beijing, China, 2004 and will serve as an introduction to current psychological research in China.