Carbon nanotubes and related nanostructures such as graphene and fullerenes have attracted tremendous attention for their unique structures and intriguing properties. These nanomaterials have been widely investigated, from theory, synthesis and characterization, to applications in electronic devices, field emission displays, and biological and chemical sensors. In addition, non-carbon nanostructures such as nanotubes and thin films of boron nitride (BN) and boron-carbon nitride (BCN) have gained increasing interest. This volume offers a current snapshot of the field and includes discussions of: in-situ monitoring; control growth of carbon nanotubes; spectroscopy of carbon nanostructures; synthesis of nanotubes and related nanostructures; electronic properties and application; non-carbon nanostructures; theory and characterization of nanotubes and related structures; chemical and biological processing and application; and physical properties and application.