This book provides a concise and modern introduction to Formal Languages and Machine Computation, a group of disparate topics in the theory of computation, which includes formal languages, automata theory, turing machines, computability, complexity, number-theoretic computation, public-key cryptography, and some new models of computation, such as quantum and biological computation. As the theory of computation is a subject based on mathematics, a thorough introduction to a number of relevant mathematical topics, including mathematical logic, set theory, graph theory, modern abstract algebra, and particularly number theory, is given in the first chapter of the book. The book can be used either as a textbook for an undergraduate course, for a first-year graduate course, or as a basic reference in the field.