The Health Sector in Eritrea, the first comprehensive review of the sector, describes the current situation and recent developments, analyzes its strengths and the challenges it faces, reviews the policies, institutional setting, system and programs performance, and proposes a set of prioritized actions, including steps required for closing the identified knowledge gaps. The report is the result of the first of a three-step process aimed at developing a comprehensive health policy and action plan with a focus on assuring equitable, quality, and sustainable health care. It serves as the preliminary basis for further rounds of discussions and analysis among stakeholders to arrive at a strategic vision for the Eritrea health sector.