In October 2011, twenty-seven scientists and representatives from NATO and partner countries met in Sudkarnten, Austria for a three-day NATO Advanced Research Workshop entitled "Wounds of War: Pain Syndromes - From Recruitment to Returning Troops". The aim of this publication, which presents papers from that workshop, is to critically assess the existing knowledge and to identify directions for future actions. The book addresses four key questions: Vulnerability to Pain syndromes: Are certain types of people at a higher risk for pain syndromes (background, ethnicity, childhood trauma, etc.)? Diagnosis and Assessment Issues of Pain Syndromes: Which methods are used to diagnose and assess pain? Treatment of Pain Syndromes: What are the latest treatment and therapy opportunities for soldiers who experience pain syndromes? Clinical Updates on Pain Syndromes: What can we learn from recent clinical updates on pain syndromes?