It has long been taken for granted that anthropology can no longer be developed in the footsteps of Cartesian substance dualism. His key words come up sooner or later in almost every discussion about people, but only in the sense that one has to get beyond them. A new paradigm is lacking from humans today, and it is not certain whether such a paradigm would be welcomed by all scientists at all. However, wherever the search for a new definition of the relationship between body, body, soul and spirit takes place, the Cartesian terms and the highly controversial variants of substance dualism continue to be in the background, even if only to try to free oneself from it . This volume deals with the question of how, within the framework of a non-dualistic anthropology, the relationship between brain and consciousness can be determined in such a way that there is no reductionist theory of mind in which consciousness has no influence on behavior.