Adipose tissue has an important regulatory role in mammalian metabolism by storing and releasing high-energy metabolites according to the body energy needs, whether by storing excess energy in the form of triglycerides (TG), or by breaking down TG into fatty acids (FA) and glycerol. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the biology, regulation and health impacts of adipocytes. Topics discussed include the development, differentiation, structure and function of each type of adipose tissue in association with chronic diseases, such as obesity and insulin resistance; mTOR and regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and perfusion; adipose tissue-derived microvesicles and exosomes and the diagnosis of metabolic diseases; early regulation of adipogenesis; calpain-mediated regulation of bone and fat mass and glucose homeostasis in osteoblasts; and the role of estrogen-related receptors in adipocyte differentiation.