This book presents and discusses research in the field of earth science, with a focus on high resolution insight on the submarine mudflows of the gulf of Mexico; shale and its beneficial and dangerous characteristics for human beings; publicly available open access data and machine learning model-predictions applied with open source GIS for the entire Antarctic ocean: a first meta-analysis and synthesis from 53 charismatic species; a case study on ice sheets self-destructing and causing rapid climate change; conservation planning and management of limited water resources in arid and semi-arid areas as economic resources; laser Raman spectroscopy study on the growth zoning of feldspar, zircon and apatite; statistical prediction of winter rainfall in Patagonia (Argentina); and research of seismicity at an oceanic and sea bottoms.