No area of the world faces a greater challenge with regard to resource-related conflict than Central Africa. The violence and instability in the region has cost millions of lives, ranking among the most deadly in recent history. All those presently indicted by the International Criminal Court come from Central Africa, broadly defined, and more children are exploited in armed conflict in Central Africa than in any other part of the world. While the causes of the conflict are complex, there can be little doubt that resource theft and smuggling have enabled armed groups and perpetuated an environment of lawlessness and impunity. This publication assesses the mechanics of how contraband and resource smuggling fuel conflict, prolong instability and retard development.