Locations of Disparity. This handbook provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of knowledge on locations of disparity in punishment decisionmaking. This collection of essays and reports of original research defines disparity broadly to include the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, age, citizenship/immigration status, and socioeconomic status, and examines how pretrial or guilty plea processes shape exposure to punishment, how different types of sentencing decisions and/or policy structures might shape and condition disparity, and how post-sentencing decisions involving probation and parole contribute to