This book explores the various nation-wide commissions which have reviewed and highlighted the importance of incorporating ecosystem principles in ocean and coastal resource management. An ecosystem approach to management (EAM) is one that provides a comprehensive framework for marine, coastal and Great Lakes resource decision making. Integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) are a critical science-support element enabling an EAM strategy. An IEA is a formal synthesis and quantitative analysis of information on relevant natural and socio-economic factors in relation to specified ecosystem management goals. It involves and informs citizens, industry representatives, scientists, resource managers and policy makers through formal processes to contribute to attaining the goals of EAM.