This book intends to provide answers to most of the real-time design issues and items to know in the CPU world, while acting as a quick, easy-to-use reference. For fast access, the book is divided into simple sections such as architecture, logic, circuits, layout, verification, testing, tools, and Verilog. The coverage of CPU design is comprehensive, including: processor design flow charts, replacement algorithms, threading techniques, coherency protocols, out of order processes, caches, data protection schemes, benchmarks, electromigration, antenna effect, fixing max and min time, synchronizers, code coverage, monitors, ATPG, BIST, tools, and Verilog concepts. In addition, basic topics and tips are included as well, such as the responsibilities of an architect, ways to save power at the architectural level, and how to take care of noise. Handy for engineers in the workplace, as well as new college graduates, this newly revised and updated edition is an ideal guide. Second edition includes expanded coverage of the IEEE 1800 Standards which were recently approved, as well as stronger emphasis on physical design characteristics.