What are the country of origin limitations in "win-win-win" scenarios in international labor migration? When does brain outflow turn into brain drain? When do the factors considered to compensate for brain outflow and brain drain - such as returns, remittances, and diaspora contacts - end up not benefiting of the developing country of origin? Tanner first addresses these questions and then applies the answers to today's Sub-Saharan Africa, where brain drain is helping to imperil the future of the entire region. In doing so, he tackles the deeper issues of how brain drain has affected development in certain Sub-Saharan African countries. Tanner makes several recommendations on how careful development measures, with judicious encouragement by Western countries, could help to address the evidently serious issue of Sub-Saharan Africa's brain drain. He suggests that wise targeting of foreign aid can contribute to minimizing such brain drain, and to maximizing the country of origin benefits from the inevitable phenomenon of labor emigration.