This volume brings together essays examining a wide range of topics related to early modern medicine, including the notion of ‘climacterical’ years, which recurred every seventh year and shaped early modern perceptions of life; the origins and development of ‘palliative’ care in premodern medicine; and the early modern understanding of ‘melancholia’ as a disease rather than just a temperament. Delving into the casuistic training, empirical observations, and public self-fashioning of learned physicians, the book explores key concepts of ancient and early modern medical theory, such as the notion of ‘total substance,’ and the idea of a super-elementary ‘innate heat.’ These ideas are traced through the Canon medicinae of Avicenna and the works of Daniel Sennert, who connected them to his atomistic view of the human body and its diseases. Published for the first time in English, these essays offer readers illuminating insights into the fascinating world of early modern medicine.