This three-volume set brings together current research in the history of language learning and teaching (HoLLT) in Europe and beyond. Providing the first overview of research in the field, it will be an indispensable reference for teachers, teacher educators and all those interested in the history of language learning and teaching and the history of applied linguistics avant la lettre. The chapters in Volume II present case studies from the period when modern languages became established in school curricula across Europe and when modern language teaching became professionalized. The chapters consider 19th-century innovations in Europe including the Reform Movement and its precursors, as well as developments in policy and practice in the 20th century.