This book provides a comprehensive overview of current achievements in biomedical applications of nanotechnology, including stem cell based regenerative medicine, medical imaging, cell targeting, drug delivery, and photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy. New approaches in early cancer diagnosis and treatment are introduced with extensive experimental results. In particular, some novel materials have been synthesized with new properties that are most effective in cancer therapy. Some of the key issues are also addressed with these recent discoveries such as bio safety and bio degradability, that are essential in the success of nano medicine.An important aspect of this book is the introduction of nanotechnology to the medical communities that are searching for new treatments of cancer, therefore breaking barriers between the physical and medical sciences so that more MDs will be able to appreciate the new discoveries and establishments in medical diagnoses and therapies capable of tackling major clinical issues.