This book presents current research data in the study of the characteristics, adaptations and biotechnology of bioluminescence. Topics discussed include ATP-Driven bioluminescence; the coupling of luciferases to nanomaterials; the characteristics and adaptations of bioluminescent bacterial biosensors for acyl-HSL signal detection, quantification and tentative identification of acyl-HSLs; using bacterial biosensors to determine the toxicity of nanomaterials and other xenobiotics and the visual spectral mechanisms and bioluminescent optical signaling in beetles.