This ethnography focuses on the Guarani of Paraguay. It describes Guarani demographics, leadership, religion and kinship, and how these are adapted to Paraguay’s subtropical forest ecosystem. The book gives special attention to Guarani agroforestry, which integrates subsistence hunting and gardening with commercial collection. Recently, developers have begun clearing the Guarani forests for cattle ranches and soybean fields. The study analyzes anthropologists’ work with international conservation groups to promote agroforestry among recent settlers in the forests. This would provide profit from the standing trees, while protecting the region’s environment. Part of the Cultural Survival Studies in Ethnicity and Change series, edited by David Maybury-Lewis and Theodore Macdonald, Jr. of Cultural Survival, Inc., Harvard University. Sharply focused on key issues affecting indigenous and ethnic groups worldwide, this series of ethnographies builds on introductory material by going further in-depth and allowing students to explore, virtually first-hand, a particular issue and its impact on a culture.