In many countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Roma are the main poverty risk group. Unfortunately, information on their living conditions and the characteristics of their poverty are scant, fragmented, and often anecdotal. Poverty and Ethnicity analyzes data, from a new cross-country household survey, conducted by the Center for Comparative Research at Yale University in the United States. This survey, the first of its kind, addresses the ethnic dimension of poverty across countries, covering Roma in Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania and evaluates the welfare of Roma from a quantitative perspective.