This volume revisits the question and concept of modernity in Indian social theory and how this reading could be used to understand contemporary Indian society and texts. It discusses the limitations surrounding Indian social theorists' discussion of Indian society. The book focuses on specific seminal accounts like that of Partha Chatterjee on Indian nationalism, Javeed Alam on the reading of Indian secularism, and Gopal Guru on the Dalit lived experience. Subsequent chapters critically examine the writings of key thinkers including Vivekananda, Aurobindo, Gandhi, and Ambedkar.