Explaining the fundamentals that support the manipulation and display of geographic information, Introduction to Mathematical Techniques Used in GIS focuses on basic mathematical techniques and reviews the characteristics of geographic information. It builds upon a series of steps that provide a deeper understanding of the complex forms of manipulation that arise in the handling of spatially related data. The book moves rapidly through a wide range of data transformations, outlining the techniques involved. Many are precise, building logically on underlying assumptions. Others are based upon statistical analysis and the pursuit of the optimum rather than the perfect and definite solution.