This volume sketches the phase of evolution wherein cultivation leaders to permanent settlement, which leads to intercourse and trade, villages may grow into cities and written records are then kept; kings and high priests become prominent figures of civilization. Contents: discovery of metal; systems of chronology; Sumer and Akkad; old kingdom of Egypt; early Minoan times; Aegean world; North Kurgan at Anau; peasants of the Danube Basin; valley of the Alt; Black Earth Lands; chronological summary; races of the world.