This
book covers various aspects of characterization of materials in the areas of
metals, alloys, steels, welding, nanomaterials, intermetallic, and surface
coatings. These materials are obtained by different methods and techniques like
spray, mechanical milling, sol-gel, casting, biosynthesis, and chemical
reduction among others. Some of these materials are classified according to
application such as materials for medical application, materials for industrial
applications, materials used in the oil industry and materials used like
coatings. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of structural
characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, image
analysis, finite element method (FEM), optical microscopy (OM),  energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),  Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infrared photo-thermal
radiometry (IPTR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), thermogravimetry
analysis (TGA), thermo luminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), high resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and radio frequency (RF). The book
includes theoretical models and illustrations of characterization properties—both
structural and chemical.