Many scientific structures and systems are named after Johannes Müller, one of the most respected anatomists and physiologists of the 19th century. Müller was a mentor to many scientists of his age, many of whom would go on to make trail-blazing discoveries of their own. Among them were Theodor Schwann, who demonstrated that all animals are made of cells; Hermann Helmholtz, who measured the velocity of nerve impulses; and Rudolf Virchow, who convinced doctors to think of disease at the cellular level. This book tells Müller's story by interweaving it with that of seven of his most famous students.

Müller suffered from depression and insomnia at the same time as he was doing his most important scientific work, and may have committed suicide at age 53. Like Müller, his most prominent students faced personal and social challenges as they practiced cutting-edge science. Virchow was fired for his political activism, Jakob Henle was jailed for membership in a dueling society, and Robert Remak was barred from Prussian universities for refusing to renounce his Orthodox Judaism. By recounting these stories, Müller's Lab explores the ways in which personal life can affect scientists' professional choices, and consequently affect the great discoveries they make.