The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Lautsi vs. Italy (3 November 2009 and 18 March 2011) served as a catalyst for the debate on the presence of the cross in the public space in a number of European states. What are the effects of this debate? What is the meaning attributed to so-called negative religious freedom viewed in relation to the right to manifest religion and protect tradition and culture? Answers to these and related questions are provided in this volume by experienced contributors, who adopt diversified research perspectives and viewpoints. The analyses presented here concern not only the established democracies of Western Europe, but also post-communist states. Owing to the multifaceted approach thus offered, the book will prove to be helpful in distinguishing the implications of respect for the freedom of thought, conscience and religion from the consequences of diversified constitutional norms adopted in individual states, and also from subjective expectations.