The recent discovery of the Higgs-Boson opened new horizons and instigated crucial debates about its consequences for the Standard Model (SM) of the electroweak and strong interactions and for new physics models beyond it such as supersymmetric theories (SUSY). This is leading to a next round of corresponding questions concerning the origin of elementary particle masses, the nature of dark matter and the role leptons, particularly, neutrinos which may play an important role in the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. This subject is discussed in detail in the first section of this book. The remaining content of this book focuses on the advances of specific theoretical modelling and experiments performed at the Large Hadronic Collider (LHC) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).

With regards to theoretical modelling discussed in this book, these include the use of Occam’s Razor approach in the quark mass matrices; the study of the how boundary terms behave in Quantum Field theory (QFT) and how they influence the angular momentum operator in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD); the study of the masses and decay constants of the pseudoscalar D mesons in two flavors lattice QCD with domain-wall fermion; the study of the quark-gluon plasma equation of state within the generalized Uncertainty Principle, the mass calculation of a pentaquark composed of baryons and mesons, the study ? and ?? mesons and their mixing angle. As for the experiments performed at the Large Hadronic Collider (LHC) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), these include a fixed-target experiment using the LHC beams for the study of backward particle production; relativistic heavy-ion experiments at RHIC to create extremely hot and dense matter to study the QCD phase structure; and a high luminosity fixed target experiment using the LHC beams to search for intrinsic charm of the nucleon. The energy scales relevant for the questions about the origin of the weak scale and of particle masses range from the TeV to the Planck scale. Experimental exploration of these questions requires advances in accelerator and detector technologies to an unprecedented energy reach, sensitivity and precision. An overview of the past and future experiments at LHC and RHIC as well as the potential use of proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) for the understanding of dark matter nature are also discussed.