The present study describes the history of the impact of the figure of Job in the Jewish tradition. Two focal points emerge: While on the one hand the Talmudic rabbis deny Job a prominent place in Jewish literature as a heretic and non-Jews, on the other hand secular literature discovers him as a figure of identification of the Jewish people in the Holocaust; the early Jewish 'Testament of Job' saw him as a hero of faith. Texts of various genres show the enormous interpretative potential of the biblical figure.