This book is written to be used as a textbook by university students for courses in Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Life, Evolutionary Computation, Cognitive Science, Biology, and other courses which address issues of modelling and synthesising life-like agents. The book gives a comprehensive overview of the research field in terms of theory and techniques, so that students can acquire skills necessary to apply techniques of AL. The field Artificial Life is strongly interdisciplinary. Although the book is focused on realisations of Artificial Life in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Systems, when necessary, background from relevant fields like biology and robotics will be provided.