Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into
U.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents,
and other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the
chemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that
physically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface
slick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act
of 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants
has long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information
and ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill
response technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal
ecosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers
faced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency
planning efforts or during actual spills.Table of Contents


Front Matter
Executive Summary
1 Introduction
2 Making Decisions About Dispersant Use
3 Dispersant-Oil Interactions and Effectiveness Testing
4 Transport and Fate
5 Toxicological Effects of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil
6 Research Priorities to Support Dispersant Use Decision-Making
References
Appendix A: Committee and Staff Biographies
Appendix B: Dispersant Authorizations
Appendix C: Acronyms
Appendix D: Definitions and Unit Conversions
Appendix E: Analysis of the Sensitivity of Dispersed Oil Behavior to Various Processes