China and India's demand for oil and other raw materials to fuel their recent economic development has led to significant trading partnerships with Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). China in particular is becoming a major player on the continent, not only in exports but also in terms of investment and aid flows to SSA countries. Through detailed country-level analysis, this study offers unique contributions to the understanding of the relationship between China, India and SSA. The authors review and assess the economic impacts, identify the challenges involved and provide recommendations to assist policy-makers enhance the ability of SSA countries, individually and regionally, to derive benefits and to take advantage of new opportunities. For academics, policy-makers and anyone interested in understanding the detailed dynamics that underpin the promises and challenges associated with South–South development.