Brazil enters the election year 2018 with an economy that is gradually recovering from the deepest recession in its recent economic history. However, for many Brazilians, the recovery has not yet translated into new and better jobs, or rising incomes. This book is motivated by the need to understand the possible drivers of future income and employment growth. Its key finding: Brazil needs to dramatically improve its performance in terms of productivity if the country is to generate lasting gains in incomes and provide better jobs for its citizens. This is all the more important, because Brazil is aging rapidly and the boost the country has enjoyed thanks to its young and growing labor force in the past three decades will disappear in just a few years' time.