Microbial Biotechnology for Bioenergy presents emerging biotechnological and microbiological approaches in bioenergy and their economic, social, and environmental implications. Section 1 of this book includes an overview of bioenergy, global statistics and projections for future bioenergy development, the role of biotechnology and bioprocesses in bioenergy, feedstock sources, challenges, decarbonisation, and emerging innovations and technologies. Section 2 examines biotechnology and microbiology for bioenergy, including chapters on bioconversion of biomass energy and biological residues, utilizing organic waste, the biotechnology of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen, the sustainability of cellulosic ethanol energy and artificial photosynthesis, Power-to-X and integrating energy storage innovation, and microbial fuel cell sustainability. Finally, Section 3 explores policy and environmental aspects, providing a global perspective and impact projections based on present-day global statistics. Combining fundamentals and cutting-edge data, Microbial Biotechnology for Bioenergy is a valuable reference for biotechnologists, environmental engineers, and microbiologists working in bioenergy. Also included are ideas for new product development and possible improvement of existing products, as are insights into the unique nature of graphene and its types, including morphology and thickness, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, elastic properties of 2D and 3D structures, and more.