WARRIORS WITHOUT WEAPONS WARRIORS WITHOUT WEAPONS A Study of the Society and Personality Development of the Pine Ridge Sioux Ey GORDON MACGREGOR With the collaboration of ROYAL B. HASSRICK and WILLIAM E. HENRY UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO . ILLINOIS RESEARCH STAFF EE f I DIA. EDUCATION RESEARCH - t -, r ..., i, --Qffce f f Indian. Affairs LLO D V- RMF. I. 7f, JOHN COLLIER, Chairman R-Eiki T-H vr, HT K T WILLARD W. BEATTY RAIPH T LIR RENE DHARNONCOURT JOSEPH X LAT-RA THOMPSON, C-ordinator SIOUX PROJECT STAFF GORDON MACGREGOR, Supervisor ROYAL HASSRICK, Field Assistant Dow PEARL CARNAL JOSEPH CAR RANG, M. D. FRANCES DAVIDSON, R. X. GERALDINE D. DIAZ IMOGENE B. DOGEAGLE AUDREY GUTHRIE FRED HAMMERNIK ADRIENNE HERSHEY JUNE LYMAN MARTIN MCNEIL, M. D. LIZZIE B. MESTETH IRA NICHOLS FERN ROUILLARD THEODORE SADOCK, M. D. MARY SCHANANDORE PAULINE WASHINGTON RICHARD WASHINGTON EVELYN WHIRLWIND HORSE Test Analysts Rorschach ROYAL H ASS RICK Thematic Apperception adapted WILLIAM E. HENRY Grace Arthur Performance ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST RHEA R. HILKEVITCH WAYNE PRATT Goodenough Draw-a-Man ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST MINNA KOROL INEZ PRATT Emotional Response ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST IVA SCHMIDT JEAN HALL Moral Ideology ROBERT J. HAVIGHURST JEANETTE MURSTINE ROMA K. McNiCKLE, Editor ADVISORY COMMITTEE GJPIACE ARTHUR RUTH BENEDICT ALLISON DAVIS JOHN DOLLARS FRED EGG AN ERIK HOUBURGER ERIKSON LAWRENCE FRANK A. IRVING HALLOWELL BRUNO KLOPFER CLYDE KLUCKHOHN EUGENE LERNER KURT LEWIN JEAN WALKER MACFARLANE DARCY MCNICKLE MARGARET MEAD SCUDDER MEKEEL MORRIS OPLER ROBERT S. PLATT STANISLAUS SZUREK Deceased September 21, 1 944. FOREWORD f HE conviction of racial and religious superiority which has characterized I thewhite man in his contact with races of other colors is not uniquely a JL white mans characteristic. Each Indian group as well as every other racial unit around the world has thought of itself as the chosen people and frequently has so designated itself in the tribal name with which it refers to the k in-group. Therefore, in almost every conflict the successful warriors considered that they were dispossessing a less able, a less cultivated, a less worthy rival and sometimes as a result of this attitude they destroyed their adversaries or enslaved them, forcing an acceptance of the dominant customs. Yet it is certain that never before white dominance in the United States began were the many Indian groups subject to a continuous suppression by a technologically superior alien race suppression working, by intention, in one direction through centuries. The results of such suppression in one group of Indians are described in this volume. One of the major contributions of democratic philosophy has been increased concern with the well-being of the individual. The declaration of human rights which characterized the democratic revolution both in Europe and in America carried implications with regard to personal values such as rarely before had entered into human planning. It is probably natural that the extension of this concern about the effect on human beings of gross and ruthless modifications of individual and group life should be extended to a subject people considerably later than to the members of the dominant society. To those of us whose profes sions presuppose the importance of the individual and the need for continuing knowledge of individual reactions to the interplay of socialforces, it is difficult to justify the operation of an agency like the Indian Service, whose major concern is people, without the basic information about these people that psychological and anthropological research alone can make available. The basic research of which this report on the Sioux is but one part, while long delayed, nevertheless marks a new and important departure in our dealing with the Indians of the United States. No single document reporting on a small seg ment of the Indian people can of itself be, of great significance...