WAYS AND WORKS IN INDIA BEING AN ACCOUNT OF the Public AVorks in thut Country from the Earliest Times up to the Present Dayf by G. W. MACGEORGE, M. I. C. E. LiATK OFFICIATING CONM I HN KNGINKKK TO fHK JOVKHXMKM OF INDIA FOR HAIMVA s WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY PUJJLTSHKHS TO THE INDIA OFFICE 14 PARLIAMENT STREET, S. W. AIDCC XCIV AUTHORS PREFACE MATERIALS for the facts and figures grouped together in this work have been mainly gathered from such official publications and Government records as are readily accessible to a writer in England, as well as from numerous published volumes or reports, dealing with separate branches of Indian Public Works, or Indian and English Engineering, and f by kind permission from many descriptive papers on India subjects read at various times before the Institution of CivilEngmeers. Where distinct verbal quotations have been made they are indicated by the footnotes or otherwise, but frequently where the general substance of passages, or of statistics, has been paraphrased and condensed, it has not been deemed necessary to burden the volume with constant references. With regard to the spelling of Indian names and terms, it is feared that some unintentional deviations from the orthodox system may be found. The popular spelling of names of important and well-known places has, of course, been adhered to, and with respect to the remainder, the indulgence of those desiring severe accuracy in this matter is craved. A precise and detailed history of Indian Public Works is a subject that would amply repay the time and labour spent on its production. The present work barely indicates even the outline of such a history, andhas a far humbler and less ambitious aim. It is hoped, however, that the data contained in it may be of some service, as well as interest to the unprofes sional reader, as bringing before him in a collected form much scattered information of a kind valuable to all those interested in the progress of India. Some of the principal books, reports, vi PUBLIC WORKS OF INDIA and other publications consulted and freely made use of arc the following Memoirs of Indian Surveys, by Clements R. Markham 1878. Memoirs of Indian Surveys, by E. C. D. BLack 1892. General Reports of Operations, Survey of India. Thuiller, R. E. Moral and Material Progress Report, 1872-73. Parliamentary Paper. The Finances and Public Works of India, 186 9-81. Sir John Strachey. Ganges Canal. Sir Proby Cautley. Irrigation Works of India. Buckley. India, by F. C. Danvers. Lectures on Irrigation Works of India. Rundall, R. E. Lectures on Water-supply, Rainfall, etc., by Alex. R. Binnie, M. I. C. E. Roorkee Treatise, and Professional Papers on Indian Engineering. The Railways of India. Capt. E. Davidson, R. E. Lecture on Bridges in the Bengal Presidency, by Sir Bradford Leslie, C. S. L, M. I. C. E. Railway Appliances. John Wolfe Barry, M. I. C. E. 1878. The Working and Management of an English Railway. Geo. Findlay 1891. Our Iron Roads. F. S. Williams. Numerous Papers from Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers. Official Publications, Departmental Administration Reports, etc., etc. G. W. MACGEORGE. MAIDENHEAD, 1894. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION, ...... 1 GREAT INDIAN TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY . . 25 ROADS IN INDIA, .... .65 IRRIGATION WORKS IN INDIA, . .107 RAILWAYS IN INDIA, 219 WATER-SUPPLY OF TOWNS IN INDIA, . . .431 THEELECTRIC TELEGRAPH IN INDIA, . . .495 SEA AND HARBOUR WORKS IN INDIA, . . .507 APPENDICES, 527 INDEX, 549 LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE OLD NATIVE BRIDGE OVER THE GUMTI AT JAUNPORE from a pencil sketch, ....... 9 KANHAN BRIDGE AT KAMTHI, ..... 97 SOLANI AQUEDUCT, ...... facing 152 GANGES-JUMNA DOAB, . . . . ., , 160 NADRAI NEW AQUEDUCT, . . . . ., , 1 54 THE NOVELTY, THE SANS PARKIL, ...... 235 THE ROCKET J JUMNA BRIDGE, ALLAHABAD, .....,337 JUJHNA BRIDGE, DELHI, ...... 339 JUBILEE BRIDGE OVER THE UOOGHLY NEAR CALCUTTA, . . 341 BOMBAY TERMINAL STATION, ...