Since 1971, when the Bretton Woods gold exchange standard ended, the world has been on a fiat monetary regime, with various fiat currencies managed according to the discretion of the issuing country. Inherent in this regime is a basic problem—the ease with which the system lends itself to political manipulation. This study examines the emerging fiat regime in a world of nation states determined to preserve their sovereignty from erosion by the global economy and places this process in its economic, historical, and political perspective.