This publication provides an overview of the occurrence and effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms. It makes recommendations regarding seafood safety and security, environmental risk assessment approaches and targeted monitoring of microplastics in the environment. The study provides detailed information on the most likely pathways in terms of sources, transport and distribution in both marine food chains and seafood value chains. It will provide a framework to assess the risks that may (or not) affect commercial fish stocks and consumers, and an understanding of the scope and limitations of current microplastic sampling techniques.