With its rapidly growing population of Muslim citizens and migrant workers Russia is claiming its role in the Islamic world. This volume analyzes the complexity of Russian Islam, the conflicts between the conservative clerical institutions and the grass-roots radicals as well as the highly visible Islamization of daily life in some Muslim-inhabited regions. Russia’s experience with «native» Islam, whose roots go back to the Middle Ages, holds lessons for dealing with an evolving European Islam which is no longer based on immigration but is becoming a domestic phenomenon.