This book covers up-to-date knowledge of how designs found in nature use tissue hierarchies to achieve optimal functions, and how these principles are applied in bioengineering. The tissue hierarchy-based multiscale approach has the potential to achieve novel biomaterial designs, advance tissue engineering and regeneration, assist tissue function integration, improve high-fidelity computational modeling – aided by machine learning, and better design novel characterization tools/methodologies. This book presents the most recent, high-impact research accomplishments in bioengineered and natural hierarchical systems with clinical context. The goal is to (i) highlight and emphasize the importance of integrating and bridging bioengineering designs at various tissue hierarchical levels, and (ii) provide a framework to encourage dialogue and collaboration among bioengineers, biomechanists, and clinicians.