This book serves as a textbook for a first-year graduate course for students of high-performance sensing and imaging. It also functions as a reference for practicing engineers seeking to advance in this field. The coverage derives from the author's class notes for a one-semester course at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Offering mathematics and physics fundamentals in addition to cutting-edge research findings in the imaging systems field, it provides a high degree of flexibility for readers and instructors, with chapters arranged in the form of independent topical modules.