Surveys various approaches to model and simulate muscles both morphologically and functionally. Muscles provide physiological functions to drive body movement and anatomically characterize body shape, making them a crucial component of modeling animated human figures. Substantial effort has been devoted to developing computational models of muscles for the purpose of increasing realism and accuracy in computer graphics and biomechanics.

Here, the authors survey various approaches to model and simulate muscles both morphologically and functionally. Modeling the realistic morphology of muscle requires that muscle deformation be accurately depicted. To this end, several methodologies are presented in this book, including geometrically-based, physically-based, and data-driven approaches.

The simulation of physiological muscle functions aims to identify the biomechanical controls responsible for realistic human motion. Estimating these muscle controls has been pursued through static and dynamic simulations. This book reviews and discusses all these approaches, and concludes with suggestions for future research.