Pan-Turkism has had varied fortunes in the 20th century. It has played a continuing role, at times of great significance, in the internal politics of Turkey itself, and it has fuelled the national struggle of the Turkic groups beyond Turkey. An earlier version of this work was published by Hurst in 1981 as "Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism". The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the consequent establishment, in 1991, of six independent Turkic republics in the Caucasus and Central Asia, and an upsurge of Pan-Turkism have necessitated an expanded, updated and revised edition. The new volume covers the special relationship between the new republics and Turkey, which has altered the essence of Pan-Turkism from militant irredentism to practical solidarity in matters political, economic and cultural.